Allen, T.M., 2013. AASHTO Geotechnical Design Specification Development in the USA. Modern Geotechnical Design Codes of Practice. P. Arnold et al., Editor IOS Press, Amsterdam. pp. 243-260. Allen, T.M., 2005. Development of Geotechnical Resistance Factors and Downdrag Load Factors for LRFD Foundation Strength Limit State Design, FHWA-NHI-05-052. Federal Highway Administration, US Department of Transportation, Washington DC USA Kulicki, J.M., Wassef, W.G., Nowak, A.S., Mertz, D.R., Samtani, N.C., and Nassif, H., 2015. Bridges for Service Life Beyond 100 Years: Service Limit State Design, Report S2-R19B-RW-1, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC USA Loehr, J.E., Bowders, J.J., Rosenblad, B.L., Luna, R., Maerz, N., Stephenson, R.W., Likos, W.J., and Ge, L., 2013 Implementation of LRFD Methods to Quantify Value of Site Characterization Activities. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, France, pp. 1831-1834 DiMaggio, J., Saad, T., Allen, T., Christopher, B.R., Dimillio, A., Goble, G., Passe, P., Shike, T., and Person, G., 1999. Geotechnical Engineering Practices in Canada and Europe, FHWA-PL-99-013. Federal Highway Administration, US Department of Transportation, Washington DC USA Paikowsky, S.G., with contributions from Birgisson, B., McVay, M., Nguyen, T., Kuo, C., Baecher, G., Ayyab, B., Stenersen, K., O’Malley, Chernauskas, L., and O’Neill, M., 2000. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Deep Foundations. NCHRP (Final) Report 507, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC USA Withiam, J.L., Voytko, E.P., Barker, R.M., Duncan, J.M., Kelly, B.C., Musser, S.C., and Elias, V., 1998. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Highway Bridge Substructures, FHWA-HI-98-032. Federal Highway Administration, US Department of Transportation, Washington DC USA The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is an agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation that supports State and local governments in the design, construction and maintenance of the Nation’s highway system (Federal Aid Highway Program) and various federally- and tribal-owned lands (Federal Lands Highway Program). Through financial and technical assistance to State and local governments, the Federal Highway Administration is responsible for ensuring that America’s roads and highways continue to be among the safest and most technologically sound in the world. 16 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • MAY/JUNE 2015
