transportation applications. The U.S. National Science Foundation has funded, and continues to fund, some basic research that has practical applications. U.S. practitioners and researchers have learned and shared much of this information through international and domestic conferences, including: the IS- Tokyo 1996 Conference on Grouting and Deep Mixing; the third and fourth International Conferences on Grouting Deep Mixing held in 2003 and 2012 in New Orleans; the Deep Mixing 2005 Conference in Stockholm; and the 2009 International Symposium on Deep Mixing in Okinawa. The proceedings from these conferences are invaluable resources. Other publications of importance include: • The three-volume series of FHWA state of practice reports (2000, 2001) • The Deep Mixing Method: Principle, Design, and Construction (2002) • The USACE deep mixing design guide for levees and floodwalls (2011) • Specialty Construction Techniques for Dam and Levee Remediation (2013) • The Deep Mixing Method (2013) • The FHWA design manual for embank- ment and foundation support (2013) The Deep Foundations Institute has sponsored several well-attended seminars and short courses that have featured deep mixing, including those in New York in 2008, New Orleans in 2011 and 2012, and San Francisco in 2013. Landmark full-scale test of DMM techniques at Tuttle Creek, Kansas. The other four photos in this article are of the LPV-111 demonstration DMM project at Lake Ponchartrain, La., part of the USACE post- Katrina effort. This project remains by far the largest DMM application in the U.S., and one of the largest in the world. It set new standards in productivity and quality in North American Deep Mixing practice. The Way Forward After 27 years of application in the U.S., DMM is, technologically speaking, in robust health. “Conventional” methods are cont inuously being modi f ied by experienced specialty contractors to enhance quality and productivity and, in this regard, the utilization of high grout injection pressures is a good example. Similarly, the more recent CSM and TRD methods provide very competitive DMM alternatives in appropriate applications and conditions while again providing exceptional quality and homogeneity. A feature common to all DMM techniques is the use of real-time electronic monitoring and control of mixing parameters, data which are stored, again in real time, and transmitted to remote management centers, via telemetry. The only cloud on the horizon would seem to be a relative dearth of “big jobs” now that the huge Federal projects such as those in Florida, Louisiana and Sacramento are winding down. However, nature has a peculiar way of creating “wake-up calls” resulting in waves of new opportunities for ground engineers. Credits and Kudos This brief review reflects the efforts, skills, experiences and commitments of many practitioners in the Deep Mixing field, many of whom have written excellent papers not specifically cited here. In North America, one can cite, in no particular order, Brian Jasperse, Chris Ryan, George Burke, David Yang, David Weatherby, Osamu Taki, James Johnson, Heinrich Majewski, Dennis Boehm, Eddie Templeton, Pete Cali, Steve Day, Wes Schmutzler, Brian Wilson, J.R. Takeshima, Masaru Sakakibara, Dave Sandstrom, Pete Nicholson, Jonathan Fannin, Filippo Leoni, Ken Andromalos, Tom Cooling, David Druss, Dominic Parmentier, and Dave Miller. Our main overseas influences have been Masaaki Terashi, Masaki Kitazume, Góran Holm, Stephan Jeffferis, Bengt Broms, Fabrizio Leoni, Stefan Larsson, and Minoru Aoi. Amongst organizations, FHWA were early supporters, while more recently DFI has been pivotal in organizing and running workshops, committees, and conferences. And, of course, the dam community has directly contributed to the growth and development of DMM in the U.S. via its ownership of dams and levees that leak or can be damaged by earthquakes and storms. 56 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • NOV/DEC 2013
